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The origin of these small figures is still a mystery. Early references have them being sold for the Day of the Dead during the mid 18th century, while some records date them as far back as the pre-Hispanic period. Some people, including Hugo Nuntini, suggest that their origin may date as far back as the merger of the pre-Hispanic Mexicans and the Spanish Catholics.
At first glance, sugar skulls appear to be a survival from pre-Hispanic times, perhaps having to do with the human skulls that were kept as trophies by households, and offered to or displayed in honor of a particular god at certain festivals. The human skull as a symbol of death has a long history, and it could equally well be that the sugar skull in the "ofrenda" are of Catholic origin. (Nutini, 1988).
While others like Zolla write that in Naples during the 12th century sugar bones were an affectionate present for the Day of the Dead, which were offered to the family and friends. This very well could have led to the giving of human skulls, which in turn could have brought about the giving of sugar skulls. It could be that as it became obsolete, the less grizzly and more hygienic sugar skulls took on the commemorative function.
Whether it was during the pre-Hispanic period, or at the time of convergence of the pre-Hispanic Mexicans and the Spanish Catholics, or during the mid 18th century, exactly when, where, and why sugar skulls came about is still unclear. However, one thing is clear, and that is the fact that they have endured over the centuries, playing an important symbolic role in the Day of the Dead, and they will continue to do so.
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Day of the Dead Glossary:
alfenique: a special confection used to fashion skulls, fruits and other figures.
angelitos: the souls of the children who have died, literally, "little angles."
atole: an ancient drink made from corn meal and water flavored with various fruits.
calaveras: songs and poems about the festival
cempazuchitl: a yellow marigold, the symbol of death.
copalli: a sented resin used to make candles.
mole: a thick sauce made from a varaity of ingredients including chillis, sesame seeds, herbs, spices, chocolate/fruit.
ofrenda: an offering, refers to the goods set out on the altars.
pan de los muertos: bread of the dead.
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Historical Background:
The altar consist for four levels and four sides, representing the four stages of life, the four points of the earth, the four seasons, and the four mathematical points upon which the pyramids were built. Bases upon these four points the following items are used.
The four principle seeds used by the Aztecs were:
tomatillo
(green tomato)
- cacao
- chile
- and corn
The four elements
of life:
- water (the conch shell)
- fire (candles)
- earth
- and wind (flute and conch shell)
The four stages of life are also represented in the four stages of corn:
- the seed
- fresh corn
- dry corn
- and the corn used in different foods
Traditional Altar Offerings:
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papel picado
(cut paper skeletons) | |
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